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冗余技术在控制系统中的应用实现分析
通过控制系统冗余原理与方法的具体分析可以看到,系统的可用性在很大程度上取决于那些MTBF值较低而能对系统正常运行造成重大影响的部件,如主控制卡、网络、电源、通讯转发卡等。在系统设计中对关键部件进行冗余设计,可以大大提高系统的可用性。
下面以SUPCONJX-300X为例分析冗余的实现方式:
SUPCONJX-300X型集散控制系统[1]的各个部件的冗余,实现了从电源、主控制器、过程控制网络,直至I/O卡件的冗余。
JX-300X型DCS采用全智能化、全数字化设计,在此基础上成功地实现了卡件的热插拔、故障诊断、信息同步等前文提到的各项技术。该系统采用典型控制系统三层模型,每个层次内均可冗余配置,而层次之间采用全冗余连接。即整个系统内以冗余过程控制网络(SCnet)和冗余现场I/O总线(SBUS)为高可靠的连接通道,系统内各个部件的运行和部件之间点对点连接都可冗余。
根据控制系统内各个部件功能定位的不同,采用了具体方式有所差别,具体策略为:
1)IC693PBS201主控制卡的冗余
主控制卡是整个系统的核心控制单元,完成系统的控制任务。而冗余技术各个设计要点在此得到充分应用。互为冗余的两块主控制卡软件、硬件完全一致,它们执行同样的系统软件和应用程序,在工作/备用冗余逻辑电路的控制下,其中一个运行在工作状态(工作卡),另外一个运行在备用状态(备用卡),如图2所示。工作卡和备用卡之间具有公共的冗余逻辑控制电路和的高速对等冗余通讯通道,同时也可以通过I/O总线和过程控制网络进行信息交互或故障诊测。互为冗余的主控制卡都能访问I/O和过程控制网络,备用模式下的主控制卡执行诊断程序,监视工作卡的状态,通过周期查询工作卡件中的数据存储器,接受工作卡发送的实时控制运行信息。备用处理器可随时保存新的控制数据,以保证工作/备用的无扰动切换,但工作模式下的主控制卡起着控制、输出、实时过程信息发布,等决定性的作用(具有发言权)。冗余技术的关键在于实现信息同步,而信息同步的终目的是为了实现冗余部件之间无扰动切换。我们把信息同步的方法分为“自然同步”和“强制同步”。
互为冗余的两个主控制卡作为一个整体与外界交换信息(网络通讯、I/O通讯),共享进入这个整体的输入信息,这就是冗余部件的同一性(也可以称为单一性)。对外输出信息时工作卡掌握主动权,代表这个整体发言,即冗余的协同性。通俗地讲,两个互为冗余的部件,对于用户使用和外部控制对象而言,可被视为一个整体。
为了保证互为冗余的两个卡件具有平等获取外部信息(I/O通讯、网络通讯)的权利,冗余部件具有同样的通讯接口,保证卡件内输入信息的一致。冗余的两块卡件有各自的通讯通路,只要保证相同的输入信息在两个通信通路上同时进行传输,两块卡件就可以获得相同的信息。这种凭借外部设备实现输入信息的同步称为“自然同步”。“自然同步”发生在冗余系统和外部设备之间。工作卡掌握主动权,代表整体发言,并通过冗余通信将各种状态信息传送给备用卡,达到控制任务的同步,这就是“强制同步”。“强制同步”通过冗余通信使备用卡内部控制状态与工作卡保持一致,它发生在互为冗余的卡件之间。根据变量特性的不同,具体采用的同步方式也各不相同.
2)IC693PBS201电源系统冗余。
电源是整个控制系统得以正常工作的动力源泉,一旦电源单元发生故障,往往会使整个控。
用诚信的心,真诚的为您服务!
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